At the end of the 10th century, Frankish nobility faced a constant Viking threat. This article explains the significance of the battle of Chartres and its connection to my family.
The Viking threat
In the late 900s, Charles III was the King of France, also known as Charles the Simple1. He was the great-grandson of Louis the Pious, Emperor of the West1. At the time, he faced internal strife the descendants of Robert the Strong who wanted to wrestle the crown of France from him1. At the same time, following many Viking attacks on northern France, including a siege on Paris, Viking leader Rollo wanted to attack once more2.
Rollo is my direct ancestor.
This was not unexpected because the Frankish Kings’ policy up till then was to buy the Vikings out. Gold and silver reserves were running low in France2 which meant this policy was unsustainable. Over the years approximately 120 pounds of silver had vanished from France in Viking pockets.
This is one-third of all the money in circulation at the time2. (In 2021, a stash of this money was found in a farm in Poland3 ).
Rollo was unaware of the Frankish monetary problems and wanted to attack for monetary gain.
The battle of Chartres
In the summer of 911, Rollo attacked Paris2. He hoped that a small army would be able to breach the walls of the city but Paris proved to be too hard to capture2. Undaunted, Rollo focused his attention on the city of Chartres2.
The Frankish army was ready for the battle2. On Saturday 20 July, after ferocious combat, the Vikings were on the verge of winning. The Bishop of Chartres led the city’s population in a counter-attack, brandishing the Roman Catholic cross in one hand and holy relics in the other2. By nightfall, Rollo and his men were trapped on a hill, north of the city2. The Frankish army counted 6 800 Viking corpses left behind on the battlefield4.
The Frankish army withdraw to be able to recharge overnight2. One of the noblemen in the Frankish army was my ancestor Ebalus Manzer. He and his army turned up late and hadn’t taken part in the main battle4. The Frankish and Burgundese army mocked him for this4. They taunted Ebalus and his army that there were enough Vikings left on the hill for them to prove their valour, if they wanted to4. Ebalus accepted the challenge, without realising the Vikings held a superior position on the hill4.
Rollo sent some of his men to infiltrate the enemy’s camps, and sound their war horns2. Thinking they were being attacked at night, they woke in a panic which let Rollo and his men escape to safety2. Ebalus ran away and hid himself in a workshop; his cowardice was later immortalised in ballads sung about him4.
Ebalus’ son William ended up marrying Rollo’s daughter Adele.
As dawn broke, the Franks attacked again to stop Rollo from boarding his ships and leaving2.
The Vikings slaughtered every horse and cow they could find to build a wall of carcasses as protection2. The Frankish cavalry couldn’t cross because the stench of blood and rotting meat unnerved the horses2. This stalemate at the Battle of Chartres led Charles the Simple to make peace with Rollo5.
The end of the battle
Charles offered Rollo and his men all the land between the Seine in Paris and the English Channel2. In return, Rollo would have to pledge allegiance to Charles, convert to Christianity2 and agree to defend France from further Viking attacks2 5. This was controversial but it served both sides well.
- Charles the Simple’s authority had waned in recent years leading people to put their faith in local lords rather than the crown2. This power move helped to restore his authority.
- Who better than a Viking to protect against Viking attacks? Rollo and his men would have to focus on any sea-based attacks leaving Charles to run the kingdom, not defend it.
- Rollo had, like most Vikings, been at war for several decades. He was in his fifties at this point and was ready to retire from his war-mongering ways. He also knew that many of the coastal regions were now no longer as good for raids as they had once been. This was an opportunity to reward his men with land and become respectable too.
By Georges Rouget (Public Domain)
The peace treaty
The treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte laid out the conditions of peace1 2. This created the region known as Terre Normanorum, which we now know by the name of Normandy2. Charles harboured a secret plan to be able to regain the land within a generation or two2. He didn’t realise that Rollo was cunning enough to value what he’d won.
Rollo converted to Christianity6 and and changed his name to Robert I of Normandy. He married Charles’ daughter even though he was already married to Popa of Bayeux.
He had married Popa according to Viking customs, or more danico. For this reason it was invalid in the eyes of the Church.
He also leveraged some of the finest farmland in the country. Within a decade he and his men morphed into successful landowning knights2.
Within a generation, the Northmen, or Norsemen, controlled the region5. They abandoned their dependence on naval warfare and launched many attacks on European countries from this base5. The best known attack is the Norman invasion of Britain by William the Conqueror5.
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References
- Charles III; Encyclopedia Britannica; 2019-10-03[↩][↩][↩][↩]
- The Northman’s Duchy; Weapons and warfare; 2018-12-16[↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩]
- King’s ransom that saved Paris from the Vikings ‘found in Polish field’; Oliver Moody; The Times of London; 2021-07-13[↩]
- The history of Normandy and England, Volume I; Sir Francis Palgrave; London; 1851[↩][↩][↩][↩][↩][↩]
- Norman people; Encyclopedia Britannica; 2015-09-04[↩][↩][↩][↩][↩]
- Rollo of Normandy; Ancient.EU; 2018-11-08[↩]
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